Thứ Tư, 30 tháng 12, 2015

300 words academic - part 3

Posted by Minh Telling on 22:51 with No comments
101- elegant (adjective)

el‧e‧gant
1 beautiful, attractive, or graceful:
a tall, elegant young woman
You can dine in elegant surroundings.
2 an idea or a plan that is elegant is very intelligent yet simple:
an elegant solution to the problem
—elegantly adverb
—elegance noun [uncountable]
the style and elegance of the designs




102- embrace (noun) 
embrace [countable]
the act of holding someone close to you, especially as a sign of love
in an embrace
They held each other in a tender embrace



103- emphasize (verb) 
em‧pha‧size also emphasise British English [transitive]
1 to say something in a strong way:
The report emphasizes the importance of improving safety standards.
Logan made a speech emphasizing the need for more volunteers.
emphasize that/how
The Prime Minister emphasized that there are no plans to raise taxes.
2 to say a word or phrase louder or higher than others to give it more importance
3 to make something more noticeable:
The dress emphasized the shape of her body.


104- enamored ( adj )
en‧am‧oured British English ; enamored American English
1 [not before noun] liking something very much
enamoured of/with
You don't seem very enamoured with your job.
2 formal in love with someone
enamoured of/with
He was greatly enamoured of Elizabeth.




105- epic  (noun)
Related topics: Arts
ep‧ic [countable]
a book, poem, or film that tells a long story about brave actions and exciting events:
a Hollywood epic



106- estranged (adjective)
es‧tranged
1

 somebody's estranged husband/wife

someone's husband or wife whom they are no longer living with, used especially in newspaper reports
2 no longer seeing or talking to a relative or good friend, because of an argument
estranged from
Mill became estranged from his family after the marriage.
3 no longer feeling any connection with something that used to be important in your life [= alienated]
estranged from
young adults who feel estranged from the church
—estrangement noun [uncountable and countable]


107- ethnic (adjective) 
Related topics: Anthropology
eth‧nic
1 relating to a particular race, nation, or tribe and their customs and traditions:
The school teaches pupils from different ethnic groups.
ethnic Russians in Estonia
ethnic violence/divisions/strife etc (=violence etc between people from different races or cultures)
ethnic background/origin
The students are from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.
 (=in a way that keeps different ethnic groups apart)
2

 ethnic cooking/fashion/design etc

cooking, fashion etc from countries that are far away, which seems very different and unusual:
ethnic music



108- evaluate (verb) 
e‧val‧u‧ate [transitive]
to judge how good, useful, or successful something is [= assess]:
You should be able to evaluate your own work.
We need to evaluate the success of the campaign.
It can be difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments.



109- exceptional (adjective) 
ex‧cep‧tion‧al
1 unusually good [= outstanding]:
an exceptional student
exceptional bravery
2 unusual and likely not to happen often:
This is an exceptional case; I've never seen anything like it before.
Promotion in the first year is only given in exceptional circumstances.
➔ see usage note unusual




110- execute (verb)
Related topics: Painting and Drawing, Law, Computers
ex‧e‧cute [transitive]
1

kill somebody

to kill someone, especially legally as a punishment
execute somebody for something
Thousands have been executed for political crimes.
 (=killed without any trial or legal process)➔ see usage note kill1
2

do something

formal to do something that has been carefully planned[= implement]:
The job involves drawing up and executing a plan of nursing care.
3

perform an action

formal to perform a difficult action or movement
beautifully/skilfully/poorly etc executed
The skaters' routine was perfectly executed.



 111- exempt (adjective)
  2. ex‧empt
    not affected by something, or not having to do it or pay it
    exempt from
    The interest is exempt from income tax.
    Children are exempt from the charges.



112- expedite (verb)
ex‧pe‧dite [transitive]
to make a process or action happen more quickly [= speed up]:
strategies to expedite the decision-making process




 113- extensive (adjective)
  2. ex‧ten‧sive
    1 large in size, amount, or degree:
    The house stands in extensive grounds.
    Fire has caused extensive damage to the island's forests.
    the extensive use of pesticides
    2 containing or dealing with a lot of information and details:
    Extensive research is being done into the connection between the disease and poor living conditions.
    The exhibition has received extensive coverage in the national press.
    —extensively adverb:
    As a student, he travelled extensively in the Middle East.



114- facility (noun)
Related topics: Technology, Factories
fa‧cil‧i‧ty plural facilities
1

 facilities

 [plural] rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular purpose:
All rooms have private facilities (=private bathroom and toilet).
The hotel has its own pool and leisure facilities.
childcare facilities
2 [countable usually singular] a special part of a piece of equipment or a system which makes it possible to do something:
Is there a call-back facility on this phone?
a bank account with an overdraft facility
3 [countable] a place or building used for a particular activity or industry, or for providing a particular type of service:
a top-secret research facility
the finest indoor sports facility in the US
4 [singular] a natural ability to do something easily and well [= talent]
facility for
She has an amazing facility for languages.
5

 the facilities

American English spoken the toilet, used to be polite:
Excuse me, I have to use the facilities.




 115- feasible (adjective)
fea‧si‧ble
a plan, idea, or method that is feasible is possible and is likely to work:
a feasible solution
economically/technically/politically etc feasible
It was no longer financially feasible to keep the community centre open.
—feasibly adverb
—feasibility noun [uncountable]
a feasibility study




116- felony (noun)
Related topics: Crime
fel‧o‧ny plural felonies [uncountable and countable] law
a serious crime such as murder [↪ misdemeanour]



117- ferocious (adjective)
fe‧ro‧cious
1 violent, dangerous, and frightening:
a ferocious, hungry lion
a ferocious battle
The storm grew more and more ferocious with each second.
2 very strong, severe, and unpleasant:
The congressman is one of the President's most ferocious critics.
The heat was ferocious.
He is famous for his ferocious temper.
3 relating to an emotion that is felt very strongly:
Parker was driven by a ferocious determination to succeed.
—ferociously adverb



118- fleeting (adjective)
fleet‧ing [usually before noun]
lasting for only a short time [= brief]:
a fleeting smile
For one fleeting moment, Paula allowed herself to forget her troubles.
I caught a fleeting glimpse of them as they drove past.
Carol was paying a fleeting visit to Paris.
—fleetingly adverb




119- forthcoming (adjective)
forth‧com‧ing
1 [only before noun] a forthcoming event, meeting etc is one that has been planned to happen soon:
Keep an eye on the noticeboards for forthcoming events.
2 willing to give information about something [≠ unforthcoming]
forthcoming about
IBM is usually pretty forthcoming about the markets for its products.
3 [not before noun] if something is forthcoming, it is given or offered when needed - often used to say that this does not happen:
When no reply was forthcoming, she wrote again.



120- fracture (noun) 
 Related topics: Illness and Disability
fracture [countable]
a crack or broken part in a bone or other hard substance:
a stress fracture in his left knee
 (=very thin crack)
a fractured shoulder
➔ compound fracture, simple fracture




121- fumble (verb) 
  2. Related topics: Sport
    fum‧ble
    1 also fumble around [intransitive and transitive] to try to hold, move, or find something with your hands in an awkward way
    fumble at/in/with
    She dressed, her cold fingers fumbling with the buttons.
    fumble for
    I fumbled around in my bag for a cigarette.
    She reached round to fumble the light on.
    2 [intransitive and transitive] if you fumble with your words when you are speaking, you have difficulty saying something
    fumble for
    Asked for an explanation, Mike had fumbled for words.
    The second candidate fumbled her lines.
    3 [intransitive and transitive] to drop a ball after catching it:
    Quarterback Rattay was hit and fumbled the ball.
    —fumble noun [countable]
    —fumbling noun [countable]




122- fusion (noun) 
Related topics: Physics
fu‧sion [uncountable and countable]
1 a combination of separate qualities or ideas:
Her work is a fusion of several different styles.
the best fusion cuisine in the whole of Vancouver
2 a physical combination of separate things [↪ fission]:
the energy that comes from the fusion of hydrogen atoms
➔ nuclear fusion
3 a type of music which mixes jazz with other types of music, especially rock



123- fuss  (noun) 
fuss [singular, uncountable]
1 anxious behaviour or activity that is usually about unimportant things:
James said he'd better be getting back or there'd be a fuss.
The Steamatic enables you to clean any carpet with the minimum of fuss.
2 attention or excitement that is usually unnecessary or unwelcome:
They wanted a quiet wedding without any fuss.
 (=why people liked it so much)
3

 make a fuss/kick up a fuss (about something)

to complain or become angry about something, especially when this is not necessary:
Josie kicked up a fuss because the soup was too salty.
I don't know why you're making such a fuss about it.
4

 make a fuss of somebody/something

British English make a fuss over somebody/something American English to pay a lot of attention to someone or something, to show that you are pleased with them or like them:
Make a fuss of your dog when he behaves properly.




124- futile (adjective)
fu‧tile
actions that are futile are useless because they have no chance of being successful [= pointless]
a futile attempt/effort
a futile attempt to save the paintings from the flames
My efforts to go back to sleep proved futile.
it is futile to do something
It was futile to continue the negotiations.
—futility noun [uncountable]
This sums up Owen's thoughts on the futility of war.



125- garner (verb)
gar‧ner [transitive]
formal to take or collect something, especially information or support [↪ glean]:
The party garnered 70 percent of the vote.




  2. 126- glance (noun)
  3. glance [countable]
    1 a quick look:
    He gave her a quick glance and smiled.
    sidelong/sideways glance
    She couldn't resist a sidelong glance (=a look that is not direct) at him.
    take/shoot/throw/cast a glance (at somebody) (=look at someone or something quickly)
    The couple at the next table cast quick glances in our direction.
    The brothers exchanged glances (=looked at each other quickly).
    2

     at a glance

    a) if you know something at a glance, you know it as soon as you see it:
    He saw at a glance what had happened.
    b) in a short form that is easy to read and understand:
    Here are our top ten ski resorts at a glance.
    3

     at first glance/sight

    when you first look at something:
    At first glance, the place seemed deserted.




127- glimpse (noun) 
glimpse [countable]
1 a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly
glimpse of
They caught a glimpse of a dark green car.
brief/fleeting/quick glimpse (=a very short look)
We only had a fleeting glimpse of the river.
2 a short experience of something that helps you begin to understand it
glimpse of/into/at
a glimpse of what life might be like in the future



128- guise (noun)
guise [countable]
formal the way someone or something appears to be, which hides the truth or is only temporary
in/under the guise of something
They operated a drug-smuggling business under the guise of an employment agency.
It's the same ideas in a different guise.


129- harsh (adjective) 
harsh
1

conditions

harsh conditions are difficult to live in and very uncomfortable[= severe]:
The hostages are being held in harsh conditions.
harsh winter/weather/climate
the harsh Canadian winters
a young girl suddenly exposed to the harsh realities of life
2

treatment/criticism

severe, cruel, or unkind
harsh criticism/treatment/punishment etc
His theory met with harsh criticism from colleagues.
the harsh measures taken against the protestors
'She's an idiot!' 'Aren't you being a bit harsh?'
a harsh, authoritarian regime
 (=severe criticism)
3

sound

unpleasantly loud and rough [≠ soft]
harsh voice/laugh/tone etc
His voice was harsh and menacing.
4

light/colour

unpleasantly bright [≠ soft]:
She stood outside, blinking in the harsh sunlight.
5

lines/shapes etc

ugly and unpleasant to look at:
the harsh outline of the factories against the sky
6

cleaning substance

too strong and likely to damage the thing you are cleaning:
My skin is quite sensitive and I find some soaps too harsh.
—harshly adverb:
'Shut up,' Boris said harshly.
—harshness noun [uncountable]



130- historical (adjective)
Related topics: Arts, History
his‧tor‧i‧cal [usually before noun]
1 relating to the past:
It is important to look at the novel in its historical context.
2 connected to the study of history
historical evidence/research etc
3 historical events, facts, people etc happened or existed in the past:
Was King Arthur a real historical figure?
4 describing or based on events in the past:
a historical novel
—historically adverb:
How historically significant is this discovery?


  1. 131- hysteria (noun) 
  2. Related topics: Illness and Disability
    hys‧te‧ri‧a [uncountable]
    1 extreme excitement that makes people cry, laugh, shout etc in a way that is out of control:
    In a fit of hysteria, Silvia blamed me for causing her father's death.
    2 a situation in which a lot of people feel fear, anger, or excitement, which makes them behave in an unreasonable way:
    Since the General's death, the population has been gripped by mass hysteria.
    3 medical a medical condition which upsets someone's emotions and makes them suddenly feel very nervous, excited, anxious etc


  1. 132- inadequate (adjective)
  2. in‧ad‧e‧quate
    1 not good enough, big enough, skilled enough etc for a particular purpose[≠ adequate]:
    inadequate resources
    inadequate for
    The parking facilities are inadequate for a busy shopping centre.
    totally/wholly/woefully/hopelessly etc inadequate
    The building's electrical system was completely inadequate.
    The new air conditioning system proved inadequate.
    2 someone who feels inadequate thinks other people are better, more skilful, more intelligent etc than they are:
    The teacher made us feel inadequate and stupid if we made mistakes.
    —inadequately adverb:
    Colleges have been inadequately funded for years.



133- incumbent (adjective) 
incumbent formal
1

 it is incumbent upon/on somebody to do something

if it is incumbent upon you to do something, it is your duty or responsibility to do it:
It is incumbent upon parents to control what their children watch on TV.
2

 the incumbent president/priest/government etc

the president etc at the present time



134- indigenous (adjective)
Related topics: Biology
in‧di‧ge‧nous formal
indigenous people or things have always been in the place where they are, rather than being brought there from somewhere else [= native]
indigenous to
Blueberries are indigenous to America.
the many indigenous cultures which existed in Siberia



 135- inefficient (adjective)
in‧ef‧fi‧cient
not using time, money, energy etc in the best way [≠ efficient]:
an inefficient use of resources
Local government was inefficient.
—inefficiently adverb
—inefficiency noun [uncountable and countable]
problems due to the inefficiency of management



136- inept (adjective)
in‧ept
not good at doing something [≠ capable, skilful]:
inept leadership
He was criticized for his inept handling of the problem.
politically/socially inept
Blake was intellectually able but politically inept.
—ineptly adverb
➔ inapt


137- influence (noun) 
in‧flu‧ence
1 [uncountable and countable] the power to affect the way someone or something develops, behaves, or thinks without using direct force or orders:
There is no doubt that Bohr's influence was immense.
influence on/over
the unions' influence over local politics
under somebody's influence/under the influence of somebody/something
They had come under the influence of a strange religious sect.
have/exert/exercise influence
The Council had influence over many government decisions.
 (=too much influence)
2 [countable] someone or something that has an influence on other people or things
bad/good/positive etc influence (on somebody)
Gayle's mother said I was a bad influence on her daughter.
For centuries the country remained untouched by outside influences.
3

 under the influence (of alcohol/drink/drugs etc)

drunk or feeling the effects of a drug




138- inherent (adjective) 
in‧her‧ent formal
a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it
inherent in
I'm afraid the problems you mention are inherent in the system.
Every business has its own inherent risks.
—inherently adverb:
Firefighting is an inherently dangerous occupation.



139- initiate (verb)
Related topics: Organizations
i‧ni‧ti‧ate [transitive]
1 formal to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan:
They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.
Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
2 to tell someone about something or show them how to do something
initiate somebody into something
Those kids were initiated into heroin use at a young age.
3 to introduce someone into an organization, club, group etc, usually with a special ceremony
initiate somebody into something
At the age of thirteen the boys in the tribe are initiated into manhood.



Related topics: Organizations
i‧ni‧ti‧ate [transitive]
1 formal to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan:
They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper.
Intellectuals have initiated a debate on terrorism.
2 to tell someone about something or show them how to do something
initiate somebody into something
Those kids were initiated into heroin use at a young age.
3 to introduce someone into an organization, club, group etc, usually with a special ceremony
initiate somebody into something
At the age of thirteen the boys in the tribe are initiated into manhood.




 141- institution (noun)
Related topics: Business, Medicine, Sociology
in‧sti‧tu‧tion
1 [countable] a large organization that has a particular kind of work or purpose
financial/educational/research etc institution
the Government and other political institutions
powerful institutions such as world banks
the Institution of Electrical Engineers
2 [countable] an important system of organization in society that has existed for a long time:
social institutions such as the family and religion
the institution of marriage/monarchy etc
The scandal threatened to undermine the institution of the Presidency.
3 [countable] a building that people are sent to when they need to be looked after, for example old people or children with no parents - often used to show disapproval:
I was determined not to put my mother in an institution.
 (=for the mentally ill)
4 [uncountable] when something is started or introduced, especially something relating to the law or politics
institution of
the institution of divorce proceedings
5

 be an institution

if a person, place, event etc is an institution, they have been an important part of a place for a very long time - often used humorously:
The British pub isn't just somewhere to drink - it's an institution.



142- integrity (noun) 
in‧teg‧ri‧ty [uncountable]
1 the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right
personal/professional/political etc integrity
a man of great moral integrity
2 formal the state of being united as one complete thing:
the territorial integrity of the country



143- interim (noun) 
interim

in the interim

in the period of time between two events [= meanwhile]:
The child will be adopted but a relative is looking after him in the interim.



144- interpreter (noun) 
Related topics: Occupations, Computers
in‧ter‧pret‧er [countable]
1 someone who changes spoken words from one language into another, especially as their job [↪ translator]:
Speaking through an interpreter (=using an interpreter), Ahmed said, 'I'm very worried about my wife and children'.
2 a computer program that changes an instruction into a form that can be understood directly by the computer


 
145- ironic (adjective)
Related topics: Linguistics
i‧ron‧ic also i‧ron‧i‧cal
1 an ironic situation is one that is unusual or amusing because something strange happens or the opposite of what is expected happens or is true:
Your car was stolen at the police station! How ironic!
It's ironic that her husband smoked for thirty years, and yet she's the one who died of lung cancer.
In an ironic twist, the most trustworthy character in the film turned out to be the thief.
2 using words that are the opposite of what you really mean, often in a joking way:
ironic comments
When I told Lucy I loved her book, she thought I was being ironic.



146- irrational (adjective) 
  2. ir‧ra‧tion‧al
    not based on clear thought or reason [= unreasonable; ≠ rational, reasonable]:
    an irrational fear of flying
    He's becoming increasingly irrational.
    —irrationally adverb
    —irrationality noun [uncountable]




147- irrelevant (adjective)
ir‧rel‧e‧vant
not useful or not relating to a particular situation, and therefore not important[≠ relevant]:
We're focusing too much on irrelevant details.
Students viewed Latin as boring and irrelevant.
largely/totally/completely etc irrelevant
His age is completely irrelevant if he can do the job.
irrelevant to
The defendant's lawyer argued that his past offenses were irrelevant to this case.
—irrelevantly adverb



148- lament (verb)
la‧ment written
1 [intransitive and transitive] to express feelings of great sadness about something:
The nation lamented the death of its great war leader.
2 [transitive] to express annoyance or disappointment about something you think is unsatisfactory or unfair
lament that
He lamented that people had expected too much of him too soon.
She lamented the fact that manufacturers did not produce small packs for single-person households.
lament the lack/absence/decline etc of something
Steiner lamented the lack of public interest in the issue.



149- lavish (adjective) 
lav‧ish
1 large, impressive, or expensive:
a royal palace on a lavish scale
The food was lavish.
2 very generous
lavish with/in
We were always lavish with financial aid in times of crisis.
He was always lavish in his praise of my efforts.
—lavishly adverb:
their lavishly illustrated catalogue
—lavishness noun [uncountable]



150- legislative (adjective)
le‧gis‧la‧tive [only before noun]
concerned with making laws:
The new assemblies will have no legislative power.
legislative assembly/council/body etc (=one with the power to make laws)
the main legislative body of the EC
new legislative measures to stem the flow of drugs into the US
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