Positives
of Advertising
1. Advertising
is a key part of modern business
2. Companies
need to tell customers about their products
3. Advertisements
inform us about the choices we have
4. Advertising
is a creative industry that employs many people
5. Without
advertising we would have less choice
6. Without
advertising there would be higher unemployment
7. Advertising
is a form of modern art
8. People
enjoy adverts
Negatives
of Advertising
1. Advertising
manipulates people
2. It
aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier
3. Advertisers
focus on selling a brand image
4. They
use glamorous, successful people
5. We
now live in a consumer culture
6. We
are persuaded to follow the latest trend
7. We
are encouraged to associate certain brands with a higher status
8. Advertisers
often aim their marketing at children
9. Children
can easily be influenced by advertisements.
10. Children
put pressure on parents to buy them things
Opinions
about Advertising
1. Advertising
should be regulated
2. Advertising
aimed at children should be controlled or even banned
3. Unhealthy
foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children
4. Products
that can be risk to healthy should display warnings
5. In
some countries it is illegal to advertise cigarettes on television
6. Warnings
must be displayed on cigarette packets
7. However,
advertising is necessary in free market economies
8. It
creates demand for products
9. Governments
should only censor false information or products that are harmful
2. Animal rights
Arguments
for Animal testing
1. Animals
are used in important scientific research
2. It
is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs
3. Animal
testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge
4. Many
important medical discoveries involved experimentation on animals
5. Researchers
aim to minimize the suffering that animals experience
6. Testing
for the cosmetics industry is now banned in many countries
Arguments
against Animal Testing
1. The
benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused
2. There
are alternative methods of research
3. The
lives of animals should be respected
4. Humans
have no moral right to do experiments on animals
Arguments
against Vegetarianism
1. Vegetarians
do not eat a balanced diet
2. In
many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals
3. Meat-eaters
argue that animals are below humans in the food chain
4. It
is completely natural for us to kill them for food
5. Our
aim should be improve farming methods
6. Farms
should produce organic food
Positives
of Zoos
1. Zoos
paly an important role in wildlife conservation
2. They
can help to protect endangered species
3. Zoos
allow scientists to study animals and their behavior
4. Zoos
are educational, interesting and fun
5. Children,
in particular, enjoy learning about animals
6. Zoos
provide job opportunities.
Negatives
of Zoos
1. Zoo
animals are kept in artificial environments
2. They
are kept in cages or have limited space
3. Zoo
animals rely on humans
4. They
lose the freedom to hunt for food
5. They
best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats.
6. Some
people believe that zoos are unethical
7. Zoos
exhibits animals with the aim of making money
8. We
have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit.
3. Cities
Reasons
for Urbanization
1. People
move to cities in search of job opportunities
2. Cities
offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living
3. People
migrate to cities from the countryside
4. Traditional
activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays
Negatives
of City Life
1. Life
in cities has its drawbacks
2. The
cost of living is higher than in rural areas
3. Some
people d not manage to find work Housing is usually much more expensive
4. Homelessness
and poverty are common on cities
5. There
is a gap between rich and poor
6. Life
in cities can be extremely stressful
7. There
are problems like traffic congestion and crime
8. Cities
lack a sense of community
9. People
do not even know their neighbor
10. Cities
are sometimes described as “concrete jungles”.
Pedestrian
Areas
1. Pedestrian
zones in city centre can improve the local environment
2. Banning
cars encourages people to walk or cycle
3. Many
European cities have built bicycle lanes
4. Dependence
on cars is linked to health problems like obesity
5. People
who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier
6. Pedestrian
areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists
4. Crime
Police
and Crime Prevention
1. The
job of the polices is to catch criminals
2. They
must also prevent crime and make communities safer
3. There
should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets
4. Police
officers should be seen as part of the community
5. They
should be involved with education and prevention
6. The
police should be in close contact with schools
7. They
should focus on young people who have dropped out of school.
8. These
teenagers may become involved with gangs.
Punishments/Prisons
1. Fines
are used as punishment for minor crimes
2. If
the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment
3. Some
criminals pose a threat to society
4. They
are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens
Negatives
of Prisons
1. Criminals
are put together
2. They
make friends with other offenders
3. Many
prisoners re-offend when they are released
4. A
criminal record makes finding a job more difficult
Rehabilitation
1. Another
aim of prisons is rehabilitation
2. Prisoners
receive education of vocational training
3. Prisoners
should learn personal skills and specific job skills
4. Punishment
could make prisoners’ behavior worse
5. Rehabilitation
aims to make them better citizens
6. Rehabilitated
prisoners are less likely to re-offend
Capital
punishment
1. Supporters
say that capital punishment deters crime
2. Fear
of the death penalty stops people from committing offences
3. The
death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated
4. It
is a form of revenge
5. The
cost of imprisonment is avoided
6. The
offender cannot pose a threat to others
Against
Capital Punishment
1. Innocent
people could be wrongly convicted and executed
2. Crime
rates are not necessarily reduced
3. Many
criminals do not think they will be caught
4. Capital
punishment is not a good deterrent
5. Executing
prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge
6. We
have no right to take another human life
Community
service
1. Community
service is a way to reform offenders
2. It
could be a solution to prison overcrowding
3. It
avoids the cost of imprisonment
4. It
makes offenders useful in their local communities
5. They
are required to clean streets or talk to school groups
6. Offenders
repay their community
7. They
avoid the negative influence that prison can have
Against
community service
Community service is
not a sufficient punishment
Criminals should be
locked up, away from their victims
Crime
in the Media
1. Crime
is one of the main subjects of most news programs.
2. The
mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes
3. This
lead to fear of crime among the public
4. Sensational
stories attract more viewers or readers
5. The
media report crime stories in order to increase their audience
5. Education
Benefits
of education
1. Education
gives people knowledge and skills
=> Giáo dục cho mọi người kiến thức và kỹ năng
=> Giáo dục cho mọi người kiến thức và kỹ năng
2. People
with qualification are more likely to find work
=> những người có bằng cấp có nhiều khả năng tìm được việc làm
=> những người có bằng cấp có nhiều khả năng tìm được việc làm
3. They
can earn a higher salary
=> Họ có thể kiếm được 1 mức lương cao
=> Họ có thể kiếm được 1 mức lương cao
4. They
can contribute positively to society
=> Họ có thể đóng góp tích cực cho xã hội
=> Họ có thể đóng góp tích cực cho xã hội
5. Schools
aim to teach young people moral values such as tolerance and sharing
=> Nhà trường nhắm đến giảng dậy cho học sinh giá trị của đạo đức như lòng khoan dung và sự sẻ chia
=> Nhà trường nhắm đến giảng dậy cho học sinh giá trị của đạo đức như lòng khoan dung và sự sẻ chia
6. Schools
prepare children to be members of a society
=> Trường học chuẩn bị cho học sinh để trở thành những công dân của XH
=> Trường học chuẩn bị cho học sinh để trở thành những công dân của XH
Benefits
of Studying Abroad
1. Foreign
institutions may offer better courses
2. Many
students want to attend a prestigious university
3. The
best universities employ teachers who are experts in their fields
4. Qualifications
gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities
5. Living
abroad can broaden students’ horizons
6. Overseas
students are exposed to different cultures and customs.
7. They
become more independent
8. They
are responsible for cooking, cleaning and paying bills
9. They
will learn a foreign language
Drawback
of studying abroad
1. Living
and studying abroad can be difficult
2. Students
have problems with paperwork such as visa applications
3. The
language barrier can be a problem
4. Students
have to find accommodation and pay bills
5. Studying
in a foreign language is challenging
6. Living
alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness
Technology
in Education: Advantages
1. Technology
is a powerful tool to engage students
2. Technology
can make lessons much more interesting
3. Students
can do research using online resources
4. Students
can study at their own place
5. Adults
can take distance learning courses
6. Students
can study whenever and wherever they want
7. Students
also learn skills which are useful for their future jobs
8. For
example, they learn to write reports using a word processor
Technology
in Education: Disadvantages
1. People
rely too much on computers
2. Young
learners do not become proficient in some basic skills
3. They
use word processors and spelling may suffer
4. People
should be able to write a letter by hand
5. Technology
is no substitute for a real teacher
6. Learners
need a structured course
7. An
experienced teacher knows what materials to choose
8. Computers
are expensive to maintain and can be unreliable
Technology
in Education: Opinion
1. Institutions
should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology
2. Technology
is part of everyday life
3. It
can enhance a teacher’s lessons
4. Students
can use online resources to help with homework
5. Students
must still learn to write by hand
6. They
should still use traditional sources of information such as books
Education
in Developing countries: Problems
1. Children
often have to work from an early age
2. There
are no schools in many areas
3. Families
do not have access to books or computers
4. Literacy
rates are often low
5. People
in developing countries need knowledge and skills
6. Education
is the key to improving the economy of these countries
Education
in developing countries: solutions
1. Developed
countries could help developing nations by providing money
2. They
could invest in schools and technology
3. They
could supply the funds to build schools and pay for teachers
4. Children
need to have access to free schooling
5. Computer
equipment could be donated
6. The
Internet can expose students to a world of knowledge and information
7. Governments
should make education compulsory for all children
8. They
should encourage parents to send their children to school
9. Governments
of developed and developing countries must work together
Higher
education: Advantages (also see “benefits of education”)
1. There
are many benefits to going to university
2. A
degree can open the door to better employment prospects
3. Economies
are becoming increasingly knowledge-based
4. Most
jobs require specific knowledge and skills
5. Skilled
workers are needed for sectors such as information technology and engineering
6. Repetitive
manual jobs are now done by machine
7. Many
factories have moved to developing countries
Higher
education: Disadvantages
1. A
healthy economy needs a wide range of workers
2. Some
manual workers will always be needed
3. A
university degree is not necessary for many service professions
4. Practical
training is more important in some industries
5. In
the UK, for example, there is currently a shortage of plumbers
6. Their
services are therefore becoming more and more expensive
Advantage
of Home-schooling
1. Some
parents decide to educate their children at home
2. Some
families live in isolated areas with poor transport
3. Other
parents are not satisfied with local schools
4. Parents
can respond to what their children need and how they learn best
5. One-to-one
lessons allow much faster progress
6. The
child can work at his or her own pace
7. Discipline
problems are avoided by home-schooling
Disadvantages
of home-schooling
1. Most
parents do not have the time to educate their children at home
2. One
parent would need to give up work
3. School
subjects are normally taught by up to ten different teachers
4. Most
parents do not have the necessary knowledge or resources
5. Private
tutors are expensive
6. Children
will miss out on the social experience that school offers
7. At
school, children learn how to get on with each other
8. Home-schooled
children may lack social skills
9. Schools
offer a better overall educational experience
Bad
behavior in schools: causes
1. Bad
behavior is due to a lack of structure and discipline
2. There
are too many children in some classes
3. Large
classes are difficult to manage
4. May
disruptive students come from an unstable family background
5. Other
parents are too lenient and spoil their children
6. Some
children are used to getting whatever they want
7. Schools
can do very little if they are not supported by parents
Bad
behavior in schools: solutions
1. Schools
need a clear code of conduct
2. Schools
need a clear set of rules about behavior
3. They
need to create a positive working atmosphere
4. Teachers
must have the power to punish disruptive students
5. Schools
should remove difficult children from lessons
6. Schools
need to work closely with parents
7. Discipline
could be lacking at home
8. Parents
must support the school rules
9. They
should take responsibility for their children’s behavior
Corporal
Punishment: Opinion
1. Corporal
Punishment is not a good idea
2. Physical
punishment is a way of controlling children using fear
3. This
does not promote trust between adults and children
4. Children
who are punished physically may become shy or resentful
5. Corporal
punishment creates an atmosphere of fear and anger
Single
Sex Education: Advantages
1. Some
people believe that male and female students should go to separate schools
2. This
is often for religious or cultural reasons
3. Discipline
problems might be avoided by separating boys and girls
4. Boys
and girls may learn in different ways and have different needs
5. Student
at single-sex schools often get better exam grades.
Single-sex
Education: Disadvantages
1. Separating
boys and girls is unnecessary
2. It
is unhealthy in terms of children’s social development
3. Many
coeducational schools are extremely successful
4. A
mixed-sex environment is more representative of real life
5. Coeducational
schools provide children with better social skills for adult life
Advantages
of Streaming (grouping children according to ability)
1. Some
schools separate students according to their academic ability
2. Teachers
can work at the right speed for their students
3. Teachers
can plan more suitable lessons
4. High-level
groups may progress faster
5. Lower
level groups can benefits from a slower pace
6. Some
teachers and parents support streaming for these reasons
Disadvantages
of Streaming
1. Grouping
by ability may have a negative impact on students
2. Children
do not want to be seen as less intelligent than others
3. Streaming
could damage students’ self esteem
4. They
may lose motivation
5. Students
from wealthier families tend to be better prepared
6. Children
from poorer families may receive less support from parents
7. Mixed
ability classes encourage everyone to achieve their potential.
6. Environment
Global
warming
1. Gases
such as carbon dioxide trap heat from the sun
2. This
causes global temperatures to rise
3. This
process is known as the greenhouse effect
4. Human
activity is a major factor in the rise of the greenhouse gases
5. Factories
and vehicles produce emissions and exhaust fumes
6. Many
developing countries are becoming industrialized
7. The
number of cars on our streets is growing
8. Cheap
air travel is allowing more people to fly
Effects
of Global Warming
1. Global
warming will have a significant impact on our planet
2. Rising
temperature will cause melting of the polar ice caps
3. Sea
levels will rise
4. We
can expect more extreme weather conditions
5. Flooding
and droughts may become more common
Impacts
of humans on the environment
1. The
increasing world population is putting pressure on natural resources
2. Fossil
fuels like oil and gas are running out
3. We
are destroying wildlife habitats
4. We
have cut down enormous areas of rainforest
5. This
has led to the extinction of many species of animals and plants
Solutions
to environment problems
1. Governments
could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories
2. They
should invest in renewable energy from solar, wind or water power
3. They
could impose “green taxes” on drivers and airlines companies
4. Government
campaigns should promote recycling
5. Natural
areas and wild animals should be protected
6. Individuals
should also try to be greener
7. We
should take fewer flights abroad for holidays
8. We
should take public transport rather than driving
9. We
should choose products with less packaging
10. We
should recycle as much as possible
Waste/rubbish
1. The
amount of waster we produce has increased
2. This
problem is a result of our consumer culture
3. Products
are not made to last
4. If
something breaks, we throw it way and buy a new one
5. Advertisers
encourage is to buy the newest fashions
6. Packaging
is an important part of selling
7. Most
foods are sold in non-biodegradable plastics packaging
8. The
amount of household waste is growing
9. This
waste ends up in landfill sites
Litter
1. People
do not think about the consequences of dropping rubbish
2. They
assume that somebody is pad to clean the street
3. Plastic
packaging does not break down easily
4. Most
of the litter seen on streets is fast food packaging
Recycling
and other solutions
1. Companies
should make goods that last longer
2. They
should not use so much packaging
3. Governments
should be stricter, about waster produced by companies
4. They
should put legal limits on packaging
5. Consumers
should avoid buying over-packaged products
6. We
should recycle and reuse useful materials.
7. There
are collection banks for glass, paper and plastic bottles
8. Households
can use several rubbish bins to separate waste
9. Recycling
saves energy and raw materials.
Nuclear
Power: Positives
1. There
are several benefits to build more nuclear power stations
2. Fossil
fuel like oil and gas are running out
3. Nuclear
power is a sustainable energy source
4. It
can be used to produce electricity without wasting natural resources
5. It
could be replace the use of natural resources like coal, oil or gas
6. Nuclear
power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations
7. They
could help to reduce carbon emissions that cause global warming
8. The
risks of accidents are being reduced
Nuclear
Power: negatives
1. Opponents
of nuclear power worry about the safety of power stations
2. The
building of new nuclear power stations is unpopular
3. Nobody
wants to live near one
4. Nuclear
waste disposal is a significant problem
5. There
is currently no way to decontaminate radioactive material
6. People
worry that terrorists could steal radioactive materials
7. It
is safer to produce energy from solar, wind or water power.
7. Family
Family
size
1. We
tend to live in small nuclear families rather than large extended families
2. Parents
tend to have fewer children
3. Young
children are no longer expected to work
4. Nowadays
both parents often work
5. It
costs so much to bring children up
6. It
is more difficult to raise a large family
Working
parents (also see “gender” topic)
1. Children
and their parents seem to be less close nowadays
2. Parents
spend less time with their children
3. Women
traditionally stayed at home to cook, clean and look after children
4. Nowadays
both parents often work full time
5. Children
may be left alone, or with nannies or babysitters
6. Busy
parents have less contact with their children
7. Many
families no longer eat meals together
8. Children
spend more time with friends or surfing the Internet
Negative
effects on Children
1. The
lack of closeness in families can have a negative effect on children
2. Many
parents have no idea how their children spend their time
3. Friends,
television and the Internet become the main influence on children’s behavior
4. Teenagers
are influenced by peer pressure
5. Some
of them join gangs
6. Juvenile
delinquency is on the increase
7. Parents
should be more involved with their children’s upbringing
8. Young
people need positive role models
Divorce
1. In
the past, divorce was unacceptable
2. It
was considered to be embarrassing for a family People stayed together for
religious or family reasons Divorce is more socially acceptable nowadays
3. It
has become much more common
4. Divorce
can be extremely stressful
5. Lone
parents may face financial difficulties
6. Many
single parents have to rely on benefits paid by the state
7. Divorce
can have a negative effect on children
8. Children
from single-parent families are more likely to get lower grades or drop out of
school. The rise in divorce rates may be connected to some social problems
Care
for Old people
1. Caring
for elderly people was traditionally the responsibility of families
2. Adults
had to look after their elderly parents
3. A
woman’s job was to stay at home taking care of her family
4. Nowadays,
fewer elderly people are looked after by their relatives
5. Residential
homes provide care for large number of elderly people
6. Some
families are unable to look after elderly relatives
7. Families
tend to be smaller these days, and women often have full-time jobs
8. Cares
homes provide a professional service for senior citizens
9. Nurses
are better trained than family members
Care
for Old people: Opinion
1. The
best form of care for the elderly depends on the family situation
2. It
depends on whether family members have the time resources
3. We
all have a responsibility towards the older people in our society
4. Governments
should invest money in facilities and training for care workers.
8. Gender
Gender
and education
1. Men
and women should have access to the same educational opportunities
2. Males
and females should be accepted onto courses according to their abilities
3. It
is wrong to discriminate against students because of their gender
4. Gender
should be irrelevant in education
5. Student’s
achievements should depend on hard work and individual merit
6. In
the UK, there are similar numbers of male and female students in higher
education
Gender
and work
1. Men
and women should have access to the same professional opportunities
2. Both
man and women should be able to pursue a career
3. They
should earn equal salaries
4. They
should be employed according to their abilities, qualifications and experience
5. Traditionally
women have been restricted to certain roles
6. They
were often employed as secretaries or receptionists
7. Nowadays,
a range of occupations is available to both sexes
8. Career
success depends on individual merit
Women’s
and Men’s roles in the Family
1. Some
people argue that a mother should not work
2. She
should stay at home and bring up her children
3. The
father should be the breadwinner of the family
4. Others
believe that both parents should share these responsibilities
5. Working
women can take maternity leave during and after pregnancy
6. Many
mothers continue to work after this period
7. Many
fathers and mothers share their parenting and domestic responsibilities
8. They
contribute equally to childcare, cooking and cleaning
9. Some
women many have better career prospects than their husbands.
10. Paternity
leave and “househusbands” are becoming more common
11. Traditional
gender roles and gradually changing
12. Families
can divide roles and responsibilities in the most convenient way.
9. Genetic Engineering
Positives
of genetic engineering
1. Genetic
engineering is the practice of manipulating the genes of an organism
2. It
is used to produce crops that are more resistant to insects and diseases
3. Some
genetically modified crops grow more quickly
4. Some
drugs and vaccines are produced by genetic engineering
5. It
may become possible to change human’s genetic characteristics.
6. Scientists
may use genetic engineering to cure diseases.
7. Inherited
illnesses would no longer exist
8. Genes
could be changed before a baby is born
9. It
could also be possible to clone human organs
10. We
could all have replacement body part
11. Humans
could live longer, healthier lives
Negatives
of genetic engineering
1. There
are ethical concerns about human genetic engineering
2. Parents
might want to choose their children’s characteristics
3. This
would be unnatural
4. It
would be unacceptable in most religions
5. Soldiers
could be cloned from the genes of the strongest people
6. Clones
might be used like robots to do certain jobs
7. Clones
might even be developed just for organ replacements
8. Society
and human evolution would change completely
9. Currently,
human genetic engineering is prohibited
Genetically-Modified
(GM) foods: Advantages
1. Farmers
can produce crops that grow bigger and faster
2. Some
GM crops are more resistant to disease or insects
3. This
could be important for food production in developing countries
4. Faster
growing cereals, fruit and vegetables will mean more profit
5. GM
foods can be modified to look perfect
6. They
may be more attractive to customers
Genetically-Modified
(GM) Foods: Disadvantages
1. There
may be risks involved in the genetic engineering of foods.
2. GM
crops might change whole ecosystems
3. Food
chains could be broken if crops are resistant to predators
4. Organic
foods are produced without chemicals or genetic modification
5. Organic
farming may be slower and more expensive
6. However,
the environment is not damaged by fertilizers or pesticides.
10. Global issues
Problems in developing
countries
1. Developing
countries face a range if problems
2. Standards
of healthcare and education are low
3. Life
expectancy is usually lower than in developed countries
4. There
is a lack of infrastructure, employment and good quality housing
5. Many
people are forced to live in poverty
6. Food,
drinking water and basic medicines are in short supply
How
to help developing countries
1. The
best form of help for developing countries is development aid
2. Richer
nations can help by investing in long-term projects
3. Governments
and charities can help by building new houses and schools
4. Globalization
may also help developing countries
5. Multi-national
companies can creating jobs in developing countries
6. On
the other hand, many people emigrate to find work in richer countries
7. They
often sand money back home to their families
8. This
money helps to improve the standard of living in developing countries
Immigration
1. Some
people move to another countries in search of a better life
2. Many
immigrants come from less developed countries
3. Richer,
industrialized countries may offer opportunities for employment
4. Free
healthcare and schooling are available in some developed countries
5. Other
people migrate to a foreign country to improve their academic qualifications
Positives
of immigration and Multi-cultural societies
1. From
an economic perspective, immigration can be extremely positive
2. Many
immigrants have skills that are needed in the country they move to
3. Immigrants
who find work contribute to the economy of their new country
4. Many
immigrants send money home to help family members
5. Immigration
also creates cultural diversity
6. People
of many different nationalities learn to live together
7. This
can help people to become more open-minded and tolerant
Negatives
of Immigration
1. Some
people believe that immigrants take jobs that should go to local people
2. Some
immigrant workers work longer hours for less money
3. Companies
might pay lower salaries to immigrant workers
4. Unemployment
rates could rise if there are too many immigrants
Opinions
about Immigration
1. Immigration
can help the economy of a country
2. It
can create multi-cultural societies
3. However,
immigration needs to be controlled
4. In
many countries, immigrants need visas or work permit
5. Governments
should stop companies from exploiting immigrant workers
6. Foreign
and local workers should have the right to equal pay and conditions
Positives
of Globalization
1. Business
of becoming increasingly international
2. Multi-national
companies do business across the world
3. Companies
like MacDonald’s can be seen on high streets in most cities
4. Goods
are produced in one country and sold in many others
5. A
global economy means free trade between countries
6. This
can strengthen political relationships
7. Globalization
can also create opportunities for employment
8. It
encourages investment in less developed countries
9. It
could reduce poverty in the developing world
Negatives
of Globalization
1. Globalization
is not always beneficial to everyone
2. Companies
can move to countries where labour is cheap
3. This
creates redundancies, or job losses
4. Employees
cannot be confident that they have stable jobs
5. Companies
sometimes exploit their employees in developing countries
6. Global
trade creates more waste and pollution
The
future of Globalization
1. There
should be global regulations for salaries and working conditions
2. Governments
should impose laws to protect the environment
11. Government and Society
What
governments can do
1. Governments
provide public services like healthcare and education
2. They
support people who are living in poverty or unable to work
3. Governments
raise money by taxing working people
4. They
can spend money on resources and campaigns
5. They
can introduce new laws
6. They
can impose taxes
7. They
can raise people’s awareness of issues (e.g climate change/healthy eating)
8. They
can influence people’s habits and opinions
9. They
can create jobs
10. They
can regulate the activities of companies such as banks
11. They
can provide resources for schools
12. They
are also responsible for the security and well-being of their citizens
13. They
control armed forces and police forces
Public
services
1. Governments
pay the salaries of public sector workers like police officers and teachers
2. The
necessary money is raised by taxing people’s income
3. Free
education and healthcare may be provided by the state
4. Some
governments control public transport systems and even TV channels
5. In
other countries, these services are provided by private companies
6. Some
people believe that competition between private companies is good
7. It
helps to improve quality while bringing prices down
8. Other
people think that essential services should be free
9. Governments
should pay for them
Censorship:
Opinion
1. Governments
can censor what public sees or reads in the media
2. To
a certain extent censorship is necessary
3. We
should use censorship to protect children from violent images
4. Some
computer games involve killing people or committing crimes
5. The
Internet also needs to be controlled
6. Many
websites show pornography and violence
7. There
should be age limits for websites and computers games
8. Parents
need to take responsibility for checking what their children watch
9. It
is impossible for governments to control everything we see
Video
cameras in public places
1. The
use of CCTV is becoming widespread
2. Video
cameras have been installed in many public places
3. They
are supposed to protect us and deter criminals
4. Many
people think that this surveillance violates our privacy
5. The
authorities could build databases with our pictures and identities
6. We
should not be treated like criminals
Smart
cards: Positives
1. Governments
will probably introduce a digital identification card system
2. Smart
cards will have benefits and drawbacks
3. They
could help to reduce crime
4. They
could hold personal information, such as DNA Digital bank cards could contain
fingerprint information
5. It
would be very difficult for criminals to use a stolen card
6. It
would be easier for police to identify people and catch criminals
Smart
cards: Negatives
1. Many
people are worried about losing their privacy
2. Governments
could store all our personal and medical information
3. This
information could be used by insurance companies
4. Employers
could check our health records
People
with Disabilities
1. People
with disabilities should be treated the same as everybody else
2. They
should have the same rights as other people
3. They
should have access to the same jobs as other citizens
4. Discrimination against disabled people is illegal in many countries
5. Ramps
and lifts for wheelchairs should be installed in public buildings
6. Support
teacher can be employed to help children with learning difficulties
12. Guns and Weapons
Why
guns should be legal:
1. In
some countries, people are allowed to own firearms
2. Individuals
have the right to protect themselves
3. People
can use guns in self defense
4. This
deters criminals
Why
gun ownership should be illegal:
1. There
is a risk of accidents with guns
2. The
number of violent crimes increases when guns are available
3. Criminals
may be armed
4. The
police then need to use guns
5. Suicide
rates have been shown to rise when guns are available
6. Guns
create violent societies with high murder rates
Why
polices should use guns
1. Many
criminals use weapons
2. The
threat of a gun can deter criminals
3. Police
officers can forces a criminal to surrender
4. It
is easier to arrest someone and avoid physical violence
5. The
police may shoot violent criminals in self defence
6. They
can protect the public
7. They
can shoot an escaping criminal who poses a serious danger to the public
Why
police should not carry guns
1. There
is a risk of accidents and mistakes
2. The
police might shoot an unarmed criminal or an innocent person
3. Accidents
can happen in public places
4. There
are several alternatives to guns (e.g tear gas, sprays and electric shock
weapons) Only special police units should use guns.
Arm
Trade: Positives
1. The
export of arms, or weapons, is an extremely controversial issue
2. Governments
of rich, industrialized countries sell arms to each other
3. This
industry creates jobs and wealth
4. The
trade of weapons may improve relationships between governments
Arms
Trade: Negatives
1. Weapons
may be used in conflicts and wars
2. The
supply of arms could be responsible for deaths
3. Governments
are promoting war in order to make a profit
4. Rich
countries can influence the politics of other nations
Nuclear
weapons
1. Nuclear
weapons are capable of destroying whole cities
2. A
nuclear war between two countries would destroy both countries
3. Nuclear
weapons are used as a deterrent
4. They
prevent wars from starting
Nuclear
weapons: Opinion
1. Nuclear
weapons should be prohibited
2. Governments
should limit the production of nuclear weapons
3. There
is a danger of nuclear weapons being obtained by terrorists
4. Nuclear
weapons cannot be used against terrorist organizations
Armed
Forces: Positives
1. Armed
forces provide security and protection
2. They
deter military attack by another country
3. They
can also be used to maintain peace within countries
4. They
can be used to give the police extra support
5. Soldiers
are also used to help in emergency situations, such as after a natural disaster
Armed
forces: negatives
1. Armies
require a lot of funding from governments
2. Too
much money is spent on weapons and military technology
3. This
money could be spent on schools, hospitals and other public services
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