Thứ Năm, 31 tháng 12, 2015

300 words academic- part 2

Posted by Minh Telling on 00:00 with No comments



61- concession (noun) 
Related topics: Welfare
con‧ces‧sion
1

something you allow somebody

 [countable] something that you allow someone to have in order to end an argument or a disagreement [↪ concede]
concession to
a policy of no concessions to terrorists

The British were not prepared to make any concessions.

concession on
his readiness to make concessions on many of the issues raised
concession from
We will try to force further concessions from the government.
major/important/substantial concession
The committee has won a number of major concessions from the prison authorities.
2

a right

 [uncountable and countable] a special right that a particular person or group of people is allowed to have, for example by the government or an employer, or the act of giving or allowing something as a right:
the ending of tax concessions for home owners
the import/export concessions that had been granted to the island

concession of
the concession of autonomy to the universities



62- concussion (noun)
Related topics: Illness and Disability
con‧cus‧sion
1 [uncountable] British English [countable] American English a small amount of damage to the brain that makes you lose consciousness or feel sick for a short time, usually caused by something hitting your head
with (a) concussion
He was rushed into hospital with concussion.

I had a concussion and a lot of scrapes and bruises.
2 [countable usually singular] a violent shaking movement, caused by the very loud sound of something such as an explosion:
The ground shuddered and heaved with the concussion of the blast.




63- consecutive (adjective)
con‧sec‧u‧tive
consecutive numbers or periods of time follow one after the other without any interruptions:
It had rained for four consecutive days.
Can they win the title for the third consecutive season?
—consecutively adverb:
Number the pages consecutively.



64- consent (verb) 
consent [intransitive]
to give your permission for something or agree to do something
consent to
Her father reluctantly consented to the marriage.
consent to do something
He rarely consents to do interviews.





65- consistency (noun)
con‧sis‧ten‧cy plural consistencies [uncountable and countable]
1 the quality of always being the same, doing things in the same way, having the same standards etc - used to show approval [≠ inconsistency]
consistency in
Consumer groups are demanding greater consistency in the labelling of food products.
consistency of
Consistency of performance depends on several factors.
consistency between/among
There are checks to ensure consistency between interviewers.
2 how thick, smooth etc a substance is
consistency of
Beat the mixture until it has the consistency of thick cream.





66- constituency (noun)
Related topics: Politics, Voting
con‧sti‧tu‧en‧cy plural constituencies [countable]
1 British English an area of a country that elects a representative to a parliament:
a rural constituency
constituency boundaries
He represents the Essex constituency of Epping Forest.
2 [also + plural verb British English] the people who live and vote in a particular area
3 any group that supports or is likely to support a politician or a political party:
The trade unions were no longer the constituency of the Labour Party alone




 67- constitution (noun)
Related topics: Medicine, Government, Law
con‧sti‧tu‧tion [countable]
1 also Constitution a set of basic laws and principles that a country or organization is governed by:
The right to speak freely is written into the Constitution of the United States.
2 your health and your body's ability to fight illness
(have) a strong/good/weak etc constitution
She's got a strong constitution - she'll recover in no time.
3 formal the parts or structure of something
constitution of
What's the chemical constitution of the dye?




68- contempt (noun)
Related topics: Law
con‧tempt [uncountable]
1 a feeling that someone or something is not important and deserves no respect
contempt for
The contempt he felt for his fellow students was obvious.
utter/deep contempt
The report shows utter contempt for women's judgement.
open/undisguised contempt
She looked at him with undisguised contempt.

The public is treated with contempt by broadcasters.
How could she have loved a man who so clearly held her in contempt?

beneath contempt
That sort of behaviour is simply beneath contempt (=does not deserve respect or attention).
2 law disobedience or disrespect towards a court of law:
He was jailed for 7 days for contempt of court.

in contempt of something
He was found in contempt of the order.
3 complete lack of fear about something
contempt for
his contempt for danger



69- contentious (adjective)
    • con‧ten‧tious
      1 causing a lot of argument and disagreement between people
      contentious issue/area/subject etc
      Animal welfare did not become a contentious issue until the late 1970s.
      2 someone who is contentious often argues with people
      —contentiously adverb





70- continuity (noun)
Related topics: Film, Television and Radio
con‧ti‧nu‧i‧ty [uncountable]
1 the state of continuing for a period of time, without problems, interruptions, or changes:
We should ensure continuity of care between hospital and home.
2 technical the organization of a film or television programme to make it seem that the action happens without pauses or interruptions



71- contradiction (noun) 
con‧tra‧dic‧tion
1 [countable] a difference between two statements, beliefs, or ideas about something that means they cannot both be true:
apparent contradictions in the defendant's testimony

contradiction between
a contradiction between the government's ideas and its actual policy
2 [uncountable] the act of saying that someone else's opinion, statement etc is wrong or not true:
You can say what you like without fear of contradiction.
3

 a contradiction in terms

a combination of words that seem to be the opposite of each other, with the result that the phrase has no clear meaning:
'Permanent revolution' is a contradiction in terms.
4

 in (direct) contradiction to something

in a way that is opposite to a belief or statement:
Your behaviour is in direct contradiction to the principles you claim to have.




    • 72- conventional (adjective)

    • Related topics: Weapons
      con‧ven‧tion‧al
      1 [only before noun] a conventional method, product, practice etc has been used for a long time and is considered the usual type:
      Internet connections through conventional phone lines are fairly slow.
      Bake for 20 minutes in a conventional oven; 8 in a microwave.
      2 always following the behaviour and attitudes that most people in a society consider to be normal, right, and socially acceptable, so that you seem slightly boring:
      a strong believer in conventional morals

      conventional in
      He is conventional in his approach to life.
      3

       (the) conventional wisdom

      the opinion that most people consider to be normal and right, but that is sometimes shown to be wrong:
      As traffic grew, the conventional wisdom was to widen the roads.
      4 [only before noun] conventional weapons and wars do not use nuclearexplosives or weapons:
      conventional forces




73- conversion (noun) 
 Related topics: Other Sports, Religion
con‧ver‧sion [uncountable and countable]
1 when you change something from one form, purpose, or system to a different one
conversion into
The warehouse was undergoing conversion into apartments.
conversion of
the conversion of waste into usable products
conversion to
The British conversion to the metric system took place in the 1970s.
house/barn/loft etc conversion British English (=when you change the use of a house, barn etc, so that it becomes apartments, a house, a room etc)
2 when someone changes from one religion or belief to a different one
conversion to
a conversion to vegetarianism
conversion from
Newman's conversion from Anglicanism to Catholicism




 74- convert (verb)
con‧vert
1
a) [transitive] to change something into a different form of thing, or to change something so that it can be used for a different purpose or in a different way
convert something to/into something
They converted the spare bedroom into an office.
The stocks can be easily converted to cash.
 (=barn changed into a house)
b) [intransitive] to change into a different form of thing, or change into something that can be used for a different purpose or in a different way
convert to/into
a sofa that converts into a bed
In the process, the light energy converts to heat energy.
2
a) [transitive] to persuade someone to change to a different religion
convert somebody to something
European missionaries converted thousands to Christianity.
b) [intransitive] to change to a different religion
convert to




75- culinary (adjective) 
  2. Related topics: Cooking
    cul‧i‧na‧ry [only before noun]
    formal relating to cooking:
    culinary skills
    mushrooms dried for culinary use
     (=food that tastes very good)




76- damp (adjective) 
damp
1 slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way:
Wipe the leather with a damp cloth.
a cold, damp day
2

 damp squib

British English informal something that is intended to be exciting, effective etc, but which is disappointing
—dampness noun [uncountable]
—damply adverb




77- debacle (noun)
de‧ba‧cle , débâcle [countable]
an event or situation that is a complete failure:
the debacle of the 1994 elections




78- dedication (noun)
  2. ded‧i‧ca‧tion
    1 [uncountable] hard work or effort that someone puts into a particular activity because they care about it a lot:
    To reach a high level of skill requires talent, dedication, and a lot of hard work.

    dedication to
    I admire his dedication to the job.
    2 [countable] an act of dedicating something to someone, or a ceremony where this is done
    3 [countable] the words used at the beginning of a book, film, or piece of music, thanking someone or saying that book etc has been written to show respect for them




79- demographic (adjective) 
dem‧o‧graph‧ic
1

 demographics

 [plural] information about a group such as the people who live in a particular area:
the demographics of a newspaper's readership
2 [countable] a part of the population that is considered as a group, especially by advertisers who want to sell things to that group:
the 21-40 demographic
—demographic adjective:
demographic change



80- demonstrate (verb)
dem‧on‧strate
1 [transitive] to show or prove something clearly:
The study demonstrates the link between poverty and malnutrition.

demonstrate that
Hitchcock's films demonstrate that a British filmmaker could learn from Hollywood.
demonstrate how/what/why etc
This section will attempt to demonstrate how the Bank of England operates.

The government now has an opportunity to demonstrate its commitmentto reform.
2 [transitive] to show or describe how to do something or how something works
demonstrate how
They'll be demonstrating how to handle modern, high performance cars.

Instructors should demonstrate new movements before letting the class try them.




82- descent (noun)
 Related topics: Family
de‧scent
1 [uncountable and countable] formal the process of going down [≠ ascent]:
Passengers must fasten their seat belts prior to descent.
descent from/to
The descent to Base Camp took about two days.
2 [uncountable] your family origins, especially your nationality or relationship to someone important who lived a long time ago
of Russian/Italian etc descent
young men and women of Asian descent
descent from
The emperor claimed descent from David.
by descent
They're Irish by descent.
3 [countable] a path or road that goes down a slope [≠ ascent]
descent from/to
There is no direct descent from the summit.
4 [singular] a gradual change towards behaviour or a situation that is very bad
descent into alcoholism/chaos/madness etc
his descent into drug abuse
5 [singular] British English a sudden unwanted visit or attack:
the descent on the town by a motorcycle gang




83- despair (verb)
despair [intransitive] formal
to feel that there is no hope at all:
Despite his illness, Ron never despaired.
despair of (doing) something
He despaired of ever finding her.
despair of somebody
My teachers began to despair of me.




84- desperate (adjective)
des‧per‧ate
1 willing to do anything to change a very bad situation, and not caring about danger:
I had no money left and was desperate.
Time was running out and we were getting desperate.
the missing teenager's desperate parents
desperate with
She was desperate with fear.
2 needing or wanting something very much
desperate for
The team is desperate for a win.
I was desperate for a cigarette.
desperate to do something
He was desperate to get a job.
3 a desperate situation is very bad or serious:
a desperate shortage of doctors
4 a desperate action is something that you only do because you are in a very bad situation
desperate attempt/bid/effort
a desperate attempt to escape
We resorted to desperate measures.
desperate battle/struggle/fight
a desperate struggle to rescue the men



85- diagnosis (noun)
Related topics: Hospital, Illness and Disability, Nurses, Doctors, etc
di‧ag‧no‧sis plural diagnoses [uncountable and countable]
the process of discovering exactly what is wrong with someone or something, by examining them closely [↪ prognosis]
diagnosis of
diagnosis of kidney disease
An exact diagnosis can only be made by obtaining a blood sample.






 86- dignity (noun)
dig‧ni‧ty [uncountable]
1 the ability to behave in a calm controlled way even in a difficult situation
with dignity
The family faced their ordeal with dignity.
an appearance of quiet dignity
2

 your dignity

your sense of your own value or importance
retain/lose your dignity
Old people need to retain their dignity and independence.
 (=was something she thought she was too important to do)
3 the fact of being respected or deserving respect
with dignity
Patients should be allowed to die with dignity.
Prisoners should be treated with regard for human dignity.
4 a calm and serious quality
dignity of
the dignity of the occasion
5

 stand on your dignity

formal to demand to be treated with proper respect




87- diligent (adjective) 
dil‧i‧gent
someone who is diligent works hard and is careful and thorough:
a diligent student
—diligently adverb:
They worked diligently all morning.
—diligence noun [uncountable]




88- diminish (verb)
di‧min‧ish
1 [intransitive and transitive] to become or make something become smaller or less [= reduce]:
The party's share of the electorate has diminished steadily.
These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.
2 [transitive] to deliberately make someone or something appear less important or valuable than they really are:
Don't let him diminish your achievements.
But that's not to diminish the importance of his discoveries.
3

 diminishing returns

when the profits or advantages you are getting from something stop increasing in relation to the effort you are making




89- disclose (verb) 
dis‧close [transitive] formal
1 to make something publicly known, especially after it has been kept secret[= reveal]:
Some companies have already voluntarily disclosed similar information.
He refused to disclose the identity of the politician.
disclose that
It was disclosed that £3.5 million was needed to modernize the building.
2 to show something by removing the thing that covers it [= reveal]



90- discomfort (noun)
dis‧com‧fort
1 [uncountable] a feeling of slight pain or of being physically uncomfortable:
If the exercise causes discomfort, stop immediately.
2 [uncountable] a feeling of embarrassment, shame, or worry:
To her discomfort, he laughed.
3 [countable] something that makes you feel uncomfortable or gives you a slight pain:
the discomforts of air travel



 91- discretionary (adjective)
 Related topics: Law
di‧scre‧tion‧a‧ry
not controlled by strict rules, but decided on by someone in a position of authority:
discretionary award/grant/fund etc




92- dismal (adjective)
dis‧mal
1 if a situation or a place is dismal, it is so bad that it makes you feel very unhappy and hopeless:
The future looks pretty dismal right now.
a dismal, grey afternoon
2 bad and unsuccessful:
The team's record so far is pretty dismal.
Her scheme was a dismal failure.
—dismally adverb





93- dispatch (verb)
di‧spatch , despatch [transitive]
1 formal to send someone or something somewhere for a particular purpose
dispatch somebody/something to somebody/something
A reporter was dispatched to Naples to cover the riot.
Goods are normally dispatched within 24 hours.
2 to deal with someone or to finish a job quickly and effectively:
She dispatched (=beat) her opponent 6-2, 6-1.
3 old-fashioned to deliberately kill a person or animal




94- distress (noun) 
  2. dis‧tress [uncountable]
    1 a feeling of extreme unhappiness:
    Luke's behaviour caused his parents great distress.
    in distress
    The girl was crying and clearly in distress.
    2 suffering and problems caused by a lack of money, food etc:
    acute financial distress
    in distress
    charities that aid families in distress
    3 formal great physical pain
    4 a situation when a ship, aircraft etc is in danger and needs help:
    We picked up a distress signal 6 km away.
    in distress
    The ship is in distress.




95- distrust (noun)
dis‧trust [uncountable]
a feeling that you cannot trust someone [↪ mistrust]:
Local people regard the police with suspicion and distrust.
distrust of
Dylan's deep distrust of journalists made him difficult to interview.
—distrustful adjective




96- dynamic (adjective)
Related topics: Physics, Power
dy‧nam‧ic
1 full of energy and new ideas, and determined to succeed:
dynamic and ambitious people
2 continuously moving or changing:
a dynamic and unstable process
3 technical relating to a force or power that causes movement
—dynamically adverb




 97- earnest (adjective)
ear‧nest
very serious and sincere:
a rather earnest young man
Matthews was in earnest conversation with a young girl.
an earnest desire to offer something useful to society
earnest expression/look/voice etc
earnest attempt/effort etc
—earnestly adverb:
earnestly discussing politics
—earnestness noun [uncountable]




98- ecosystem (noun)
Related topics: Biology, Environment and waste
e‧co‧sys‧tem [countable]
all the animals and plants in a particular area, and the way in which they are related to each other and to their environment [↪ ecology]




99- effective (adjective) 
 Related topics: Law
ef‧fec‧tive
1 successful, and working in the way that was intended [≠ ineffective]:
The cheaper drugs are just as effective in treating arthritis.
the painting's highly effective use of colour
Training is often much less effective than expected.
the most effective ways of reducing inner city congestion
2 [no comparative, not before noun] if a law, agreement, or system becomes effective, it officially starts
effective from
The cut in interest rates is effective from Monday.
3 [no comparative, only before noun] real rather than what is officially intended or generally believed:
The rebels are in effective control of the city.
—effectiveness noun [uncountable]



100- efficient (adjective)
ef‧fi‧cient
if someone or something is efficient, they work well without wasting time, money, or energy [≠ inefficient]:
a very efficient secretary
an efficient use of land
Lighting is now more energy efficient.
—efficiently adverb
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